[117] All children of both genders from the ages of six to twelve were required to attend school. The order was then expanded to all Jews of Bohemia and major cities of Moravia, although the order was later retracted except for Prague Jews that had already been expelled. When her prospective groom, Leopold Clement, died from an illness, she eventually married his younger brother. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Since the rash appeared two days after Maria Josepha had visited the vault, the Archduchess must have been infected much before visiting the vault. Is that a legacy of the same personal diplomacy? By defining herself as the "benevolent mother of her people", she chose a policy of closeness to the people, which represented a break from traditional power. Although Maria Theresa was initially reluctant to meddle in such affairs, government interventions were made possible by the perceived need for economic power and the emergence of a functioning bureaucracy, and interventions were also further eased by widespread peasant unrest induced by the effects of war and famine in 1770–1772 and noble abuse of manorial rights. ; Archduchess of Austria; Duchess of Burgundy, of Styria, of Carinthia and of Carniola; Grand Princess of Transylvania; Margravine of Moravia; Duchess of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders, of Württemberg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Milan, of Mantua, of Parma, of Piacenza, of Guastalla, of Auschwitz and of Zator; Princess of Swabia; Princely Countess of Habsburg, of Flanders, of Tyrol, of Hainault, of Kyburg, of Gorizia and of Gradisca; Margravine of Burgau, of Upper and Lower Lusatia; Countess of Namur; Lady of the Wendish Mark and of Mechlin; Dowager Duchess of Lorraine and Bar, Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany. [80] Although Maria Theresa was a very pious person, she also enacted policies that suppressed exaggerated display of piety, such as the prohibition of public flagellantism. [96] In case of Hungary, she was particularly mindful of her promise that she would respect the privileges in the kingdom, including the immunity of nobles from taxation. He had ignored the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy who had urged him to concentrate on filling the treasury and equipping the army rather than on acquiring signatures of fellow monarchs. Held in pretence, no implied sovereignty: Members of the Habsburg dynasty often married their close relatives; examples of such inbreeding were uncle-niece pairs (Maria Theresa's grandfather, Rather than using the formal manner and speech, Maria Theresa spoke (and sometimes wrote), Maria Theresa's father compelled Francis Stephen to renounce his rights to Lorraine and told him: ", Francis Stephen was at the time Grand Duke of Tuscany, but Tuscany had not been part of the Holy Roman Empire since the. [21] The couple were married on 12 February 1736. These laws were compiled and the resulting Codex Theresianus could be used as a basis for legal unification. In 1736 she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine. She also advocated for the state church and refused to allow religious pluralism. She decided to take a step back and crowned her son coregent to share some of the political duties, however she was wary of his judgment and remained strongly involved in decision making. In 1770, Maria married her youngest daughter, Maria Antonia, to Louis, the future king of France. Maria Theresa and Kaunitz wished to exit the war with possession of Silesia. [52] Therefore, she needed troops from Hungary in order to support the war effort. The first child, Maria Elisabeth (1737–1740), was born a little less than a year after the wedding. "[56] She bitterly vowed to spare nothing and no one to defend her kingdom when she wrote to the Bohemian chancellor, Count Philip Kinsky: "My mind is made up. [142] As a result, his territories were coveted by ambitious men, including Joseph, who tried to swap Bavaria for the Austrian Netherlands. [27], Upon Gian Gastone's death on 9 July 1737, Francis Stephen ceded Lorraine and became Grand Duke of Tuscany. She forbade the publication of Pope Clement XIII's bull, which was in favour of the Jesuits, and promptly confiscated their property when Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order. [45] Marshall Belle-Isle joined Frederick at Olmütz. When its end sealed the loss of Silesia and left the monarchy with a mountain of debts, she became a champion of peace. From the day she was born, Maria Theresa was one of the most important people in 18th-century Europe. Joseph, already co-sovereign of the Habsburg dominions, succeeded her, and introduced sweeping reforms in the empire; Joseph II produced nearly 700 edicts per year (or almost two per day), whereas Maria Theresa only issued about 100 edicts annually. - Biography of Maria Theresia, Una Donna � Trieste - Biography of Maria Theresa, The World of the Habsburgs - Biography of Maria Theresa, Maria Theresa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years' War. Realizing the need for a sizable standing army and in order to maintain one, Maria Theresa accepted the plans of Count Friedrich Wilhelm Haugwitz—the first in a succession of remarkable men of intellect she was to draw into her council. [116] Maria Theresa herself might have wanted the schools to teach Catholic orthodoxy, but the curriculum focused on social responsibility, social discipline, work ethic and the use of reason rather than mere rote learning. Ultimately, she embodied Christian morality more than politics. Haugwitz’s reform effort focused mainly on the centralization of the empire’s power. Upon her accession, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) erupted, challenging … Her sense of justice pushed her to reject the idea of partition, which would hurt the Polish people. Little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. Upon his death, Maria Theresa appointed her eldest son, Joseph II, as emperor and co-regent. "[84] Her hatred was so deep that she was willing to tolerate Protestant businessmen and financiers in Vienna, such as the Swiss-born Johann Fries, since she wanted to break free from the Jewish financiers. (Since nearly every major European nation coveted some part of the Habsburg domains, their consent to the Pragmatic Sanction must be taken as nothing more than an act of convenience.) The war ended in 1748 when Austria was forced to let Prussia keep Silesia and to accept the loss of three of its Italian territories to France. She later developed edema. [103], After Maria Theresa recruited Gerard van Swieten from the Netherlands, he also employed a fellow Dutchman named Anton de Haen, and de Haen was the actual founder of the Viennese Medicine School (Wiener Medizinischen Schule). Her actions during the late stages of her reign contrast her early opinions. [96] Thanks to this effort, by 1760 there was a class of government officials numbering around 10,000. Furthermore, she significantly reduced the number of religious holidays and monastic orders. Therefore as far as possible, the Jews are to be kept away and avoided. She was known for reforming the economy and educational system of her empire. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg, were her godmothers. "[116] Previously, the existing primary schools were run by various orders of the Catholic Church. Mommy and Me. © 2020 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Elizabeth I of England and Catherine II of Russia lived and ruled like men: they did not have to negotiate maternal love, love for a man and the responsibilities of power. [89] Notwithstanding her strong dislike of Jews, Maria Theresa supported Jewish commercial and industrial activity in Austria.

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